“…Social Marketing is a Modern Tool for Delivering Conservation Messages…”

April 29th, 2008

Gladman Chibememe, a prospective Rare Pride campaign manager, attended Rare’s social marketing workshop at the Mweka College of African Wildlife Management in Tanzania this April. Below are his thoughts on the workshop, learning about Rare’s pride program and why he feels Pride and social marketing can help achieve sustainable conservation.

It was indeed a great pleasure and an enlightening experience to be at Tanzania’s Mweka College of African Wildlife Management in the company of more than 20 conservationists committed to make a difference in their communities and local environments. The diversity of the participants and high level of the event was depicted in the delivery of the course points which added to the richness of the workshop.

I learned a lot at Mweka—from the social marketing module to hearing from the other participants. I learned that social marketing is a modern tool for delivering conservation messages in a strategic and more comprehensive way. This workshop exposed me to various skills which include:

• The ability to engage in results and causal chain processes.
• Understanding the concept of audience segmentation—without targeting specific audiences one cannot be an effective communicator.
• Acknowledging the need to focus on behavior and attitude change as critical aspects of a sustainable conservation campaign.
• Accepting the reality that not all threats are critical—effective communicators identify exact conservation threats. This is “no easy task” and involves a rigorous process of engagement.

I must confess that this was a unique opportunity that brought real knowledge which is Rare to obtain. I think that it’s only when you know this that you have knowledge.

Confucius says that when you know a thing—recognize that you know it. And when you don’t know that you know it—you have knowledge. Thus, I know that before attending the Rare social marketing course at Mweka I did not know about social marketing; therefore, I now have knowledge.

This is precisely why I think running a Pride Campaign in my community will help change the attitude and behaviour of the people in my community. For those of us coming from protected areas such as the Great Limpopo Transfronteir Park Conservation Area (GLTPCA) in the southern African countries of Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe, we perceive environmental communication and education as both a moral and legal requirement. The 5th IUCN World Parks Congress, Recommendation 5.32 paragraph 2 (i) mandates member states and relevant organizations to, “…use communication tools to build the capacity of local communities to promote the sustainable use of biodiversity in the context of protected areas.”

The challenge for all of us who attended the workshop at Mweka is how we will translate what we learned into action. For Schumacher (1975), “An ounce of practice is generally worth more than a ton of theory.” In short, talking is good but action is better and therefore I’ll gladly wait to see the results of the April 2008 workshop.

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A Celebration of Wetlands in Belize

February 20th, 2008

Lois Morrison, conservation supporter and friend of Rare, recently joined Rare on a trip to Crooked Tree Wildlife Sanctuary in Belize.

February 1, 2008

World Wetlands Day, an annual celebration and promotion of international wetlands, was the perfect backdrop for Rare’s visit to the village of Crooked Tree and Crooked Tree Wildlife Sanctuary in Belize. Nearly ten years ago the Crooked Tree lagoon became Belize’s first wetland area added to the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance. The extensive lagoon area experiences dramatic seasonal shifts in water levels. The resulting mosaic of freshwater and terrestrial habitats provides refuge for an amazing diversity of native plants and animals, including the rare and endangered Jabiru Stork.

Lois Morrison, enjoying a boat trip in Belize

The group visiting Crooked Tree included Rare Board Members, Rare staff, guests, and representatives from the National Audubon Society. We were hosted by staff and trustees of the Belize Audubon Society. Our morning began with a birding trip. My group explored the sanctuary by boat. Thanks to the expert staff from the Belize Audubon Society and the Bird’s Eye View Lodge, we logged around 70 different species of birds, including the small, brilliantly colored Vermilion Flycatcher, the Bare-throated Tiger Heron, and the majestic Snail Kite.

Although the birding was phenomenal, highlights from the Crooked Tree visit included the people, their stories and first-hand insight into the evolving methodology and increased rigor that is being applied to initiate a Rare Pride campaign. We had an opportunity to meet with some members of the community and learn about the Belize Audubon Society to better understand the context for the new Rare Pride campaign in Crooked Tree. Most importantly, we met Olivia Carballo-Avilez, the manager for this Pride campaign. Olivia walked us through the systematic methodology she is piloting to develop her campaign’s work-plan. Everyone was impressed and energized to support Olivia, her partners, and the community in its successful implementation.

Olivia’s Jabiru Mascot with local school children.

Our time at Crooked Tree ended with World Wetlands Day celebration events. School kids from the community were creating arts and crafts, going on nature walks, and exploring the lagoon by boat. This event is where the Crooked Tree Pride campaign’s new mascot – the yet-to-be-named Jabiru Stork –made its debut.

Posted in Pride by Lois Morrison | 1 Comment »

Songs That Create Big Change

February 19th, 2008

Rare Course Manager, Hari Kushardanto, got a chance to visit Rare Pride Campaign Manager Agus Wiyono in East Java Indonesia, and see the band Suket Teki perform.

Camat, a young man from Dayurejo Village, never thought he’d be recognized because of a conservation song. This long haired young man was simply motivated by a challenge from Rare Pride Campaign Manager Agus Wiyono of the Kaliandra Sejati Foundation, who asked him to make a conservation song about protecting the Grand Forest Park from forest fires, something that often happens in the area. In the beginning, Agus was in doubt that this young man and his band could make a song because they’re not professional musicians. They make their daily living as farmers, grass harvesting workers, or in other agricultural jobs. Playing music was only a hobby for them.

Camat, the song’s composer from the band Suket Teki [Photo by: Hari Kushardanto/Rare]

But, by the end, they made three songs. Not only that, Camat and his band, Suket Teki, recorded a CD with support from Yayasan Kaliandra. Agus and the Kaliandra Sejati Foundation then distributed the CDs to groups of farmers in two target villages: Desa Dayurejo and Desa Jatiarjo.

Suket Teki and their song are now famous in the community. Many people ask them to perform live at weddings or music events. They were also asked by Pasuruan Forest Service (Dinas Kehutanan Pasuruan) to sing their song at a national reforestation week event, where many government officials attended. The band had also performed at an event where the Head of Pasuruan District of East Java Province attended. The Head of The Pasuruan District, impressed by their performance, spontaneously rewarded them for their accomplishment. For the community of Dayurejo and Jatiarjo, they are surely celebrities now.

Camat and his band Suket Teki, with Agus Wiyono (Yayasan Kaliandra) and Hari Kushardanto (Rare) [Photo by: Hari Kushardanto/Rare]

Nevertheless, besides those achievements the most important thing is that their songs have made a change. From radio play to live events, their conservation song is heard by thousands of people in Indonesia. The song sends an important message about saving the Great Forest Park. Their song has contributed to a significant decrease of fires in the area, compared with the number of forest fires in 2006. Camat and the rest of the Suket Teki band are now conservation activists. They comprehend and practice what they sing in their song by partaking in conservation activities, and always reminding the people in the villages about the dangerous consequences of forest fires.

>>Hear all three Suket Teki songs here!

Posted in Pride by Hari Kushardanto | No Comments »

The Maven from Bromo-Tengger-Semeru NP
February 10th, 2008

This post is written by Hari Kushardanto, a Pride Course Manager based out of Rare’s Bogor, Indonesia office.

Malcolm Gladwell in his international bestseller “Tipping Point” writes about mavens, a group of people who are socially motivated to talk to other people; convince other people about one specific topic or product as if they are the expert and ignite social epidemics. The question is how to find these people and what these people look like.

When we meet Sukan, a young guy from Gading Kembar village, a village that is situated adjacent to Bromo-Tengger-Semeru NP where most of the people here depend on firewood as an energy source, we will not think that he meets all criteria of a maven. He used to be the head of local youth group here and has the charisma to be a leader. He does not have lots of cattle nor land, but he is very smart and always thinks way beyond what other men at his age think. One important feature is that, as Gladwell says, he knows something that other people do not.

Sukan, the “maven” from Gading Kembar village

Collecting firewood is the main obvious threat to forest area in the park. The growth of the population here coupled with a lack of alternative energy sources and weak law enforcement have forced local people here to further infringe on the park and cut trees for firewood. As the forest gets destroyed the water also gets scarce, especially during the dry season.

Magi, the Pride Campaign Manager has identified this. He also sees that the strategy to reduce the threat is by increasing knowledge of local people here about the importance of the forest for maintaining hydrological systems, and by introducing alternative energy sources. Many farmers here have cattle so he thinks that creating a biogas system is one answer. The second option is through introducing energy-efficient stoves for those who do not have cattle. Of course the ultimate objective is to have interconnected biogas systems that electrify every house here. So people will no longer use firewood and therefore the forest remains natural.

Magi, the Pride Campaign Manager, with one local firewood collector

The challenge that Magi faced in the beginning was to find the right people who can help him convince other people about the importance to take action now and who want to adopt more sustainable energy sources. He did not have to wait long until he met with Sukan. For several consecutive nights, Magi spoke with him about forest conservation, the impact of forest degradation to local people in the village, ways to shift from using firewood and of course his Pride Campaign. Magi then invited him to his first stakeholder workshop, asked him to help Magi with his group discussions and survey.

Over time, Sukan’s understanding about forest conservation grew. He also helps Magi talk to other people in the village with confidence that what he is talking about is not only for the sake of the environment but also their current and future generations. In one community meeting, where everybody was blaming weak law enforcement and lack of government support as the cause of ignorance, Sukan eloquently said that this is not the time to seek who is to blame. He further said: “we will live in this village forever so we need to take care of our forest and the environment well … we need to hand-in-hand find the solution for our own problem otherwise we will suffer first”.

Posted in Pride by Hari Kushardanto | No Comments »

Conservation Singing Contest: Building Pride in East Java
February 6th, 2008

Agus Wiyono is a Rare Campaign Manager running his Pride campaign at R. Soerjo Great Park Forest in East Java, Indonesia in partnership with the Kaliandra Sejati Foundation.

On January 14th, children, young people, senior people, and village government officers, gathered at Kaliandra’s center stage to see their community idol compete in the finale of a conservation singing contest. Dangdut – a popular music genre in Indonesia – has the emotional power to raise spirits and enthusiasm; it is also the popular music style of the community. This phenomenon, inspired us – the Rare Pride team from Kaliandra Sejati – to have a karaoke festival on the Pride conservation songs, which mostly are in the dangdut genre. The event was a collaboration effort of Pasuruan’s Forest Farmers group (Paguyuban Kelompok Tani Tahura Pasuruan), Gumandar community group (Kelompok Swadaya Masyarakat Gumandar), and Suket Teki – a youth group who had composed and performed the Pride conservation songs. Hear these three Suket Teki songs here.

A karoake contestant belts out conservation songs

The committee prepared the contest by giving out announcements to 9 villages within 3 sub-district in Pasuruan District. These villages are located in the surroundings of the great park forest. Each contestant had to register and pay Rp 5,000 (approx. USD 0.50), in which he/she will received a CD containing the conservation songs composed and sung by Suket Teki. As for the registration fees, it goes to the forest rehabilitation fund managed by Pasuruan’s Forest Farmer group. 21 singers from 7 villages registered as contestant for this event. Each contestant had to sing one of the Suket Teki’s songs: Alas Kobong (Our forest’s on fire), Reboisasi (Forest Rehabilitation), or Tahura (Great Park Forest). In addition, they also had to perform their own choice of song that has an environmental message. An audition was conducted in December and resulted in 10 final singers.

Winner trophies featuring the Jaguar mascot from Agus’ Pride campaign

One of Kaliandra’s Advisory Council, had invited Irianti Erningpraja – a popular singer in the 90s – to be one of the jurors for the finale. Her participation in this event was really a wonderful surprise for the contestant and the audience! This event was held together with a tree planting event and the launching of Kaliandra’s arboretum. Various local organizations also attended the event: Perhutani KPH Pasuruan, Bapedal Propinsi Jatim, Purwodadi Botanical Garden, Education Office of Pasuruan, Village governments, LMDH, KTT, Pramuka Tegak Desa (the village scout group), students, and all community members also come to enjoy the festival. Irianti, came one day before the festival, and she spent time discussing the winner criteria with the group of jurors for the singing contest.

Irianti dancing and singing on stage at the karoake finale

The 1st winner of the contest is Hadi from Dayurejo village; in 2nd place is Mentari from Pakukerto village, and in 3rd place is Abdul Manan from Cendono village. Irianti, in her speech for the contestants, said “This is an interesting event, not only it is entertaining but it also built awareness towards the important of forest conservation. I would like to encourage you all, being a winner or not, all of you should be a spokesperson in sending messages on the importance of taking care of the Great Park Forest”.

The karaoke winners proudly displaying their trophies

The event ended with 2 songs from Irianti with music played by street children.

Posted in Pride by Agus | No Comments »

Youth group “GaLesto” sings to protect the Seulawah Ecosystem Area
January 30th, 2008

Cut “Itjut” Meurah Intan is a Rare Campaign Manager running her Pride Campaign at Seulawah Ecosystem Area in Aceh, Indonesia in partnership with the Mapayah Foundation.

“GaLesto” consists of Restu, Erwin, Agus, Azmi, Nita, Nidia, Ola, Imel, Tia, and Srie – who are all high school students in Lembah Seulawah and Kota Jantho sub-district. These 8 students formed a group and composed 4 songs to support the Rare Pride Campaign for saving the forest within the Seulawah Ecosystem Area. These 4 songs were recorded and will be distributed to the community.

GaLesto composing their songs

The forest condition within their home areas inspired GaLesto to compose all of the songs about preserving their forests. GaLesto hopes their songs will be able to bring community spirit into conserving the forest, as they all know that the forest provided their daily needs. Srie Aprilia, one of the group member hopes, “these song can make the listener understand, that destroying the forest is the same as destroying our own lives”. All the songs inspire people to understand the important role of the forest to their own lives.

The first single “Hutanku Hutanmu Jua, Selamatkan Dia” (My Forest, Your Forest, Let’s Save it Together) was released through radio station within the area. Listen to GaLesto’s single here.

GaLesto performing at a Pride campaign cooking contest

The recording took place at the Information & Communication Department studio. GaLesto could not believe themselves- that they were going to record their songs in a professional studio. It was just like a dream! It was such a memorable experience for the whole group. Restu, Erwin, Agus, Azmi, Nita, Nidia, Ola, Imel, Tia, and Srie were laughing and feeling very happy during two days of recording sessions. “I will not forget this moment”, said Agus and Erwin.

Srie, from GaLesto, recording in the studio

Posted in Pride by Itjut | No Comments »

Week 2-Final Day: UN Climate Change Conference
December 17th, 2007

Nigel Sizer’s 10th and final post from the UN Climate Change Conference in Bali, which kicked of Monday, December 3rd.

Into extra time!

After a second sleepless night and dramatic wrangling all day, by mid-afternoon the United States capitulated and “joined the consensus.” You’ve all read the news reports and seen the pain on the faces of the exhausted government officials. This was surely the most important decision taken by governments on an environmental issue since the Kyoto Protocol itself was finalized in December 1997. It sets the stage for two years of discussions, pilot programs and further science ending in Copenhagen with COP 15 (via Poland next year) and, hopefully, agreement on commitments beyond 2012 (the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol). Those commitments are likely to include far deeper cuts emissions than anything even imagined in 1997.

What hasn’t come over in the international media coverage, and what I have tried to convey through this blog, is that whatever is happening in the intergovernmental discussions, there are thousands upon thousands of local and national, private and public, scientific and political initiatives blooming around the planet as we all figure out what we can do to help address climate change. I left the Bali Convention Center for the last time incredibly energized by what I have learned, the leaders I had met, and by the vision and creativity I saw each day over the past two weeks.

Descending from the global negotiations back to the communities that Rare works to inspire and help, I look forward to the challenge over the coming weeks and months of helping position this organization as a leading contributor to climate change solutions. Rare can help with demonstration projects to engage communities in reducing forest loss, and with others in conserving coral reefs to improve their resilience to climate change. We can take those experiences with us to Poland and to Denmark and help others to do likewise. We can create a global network of practitioners who can help truly deliver on the Bali promise.

Posted in General by Nigel Sizer | No Comments »

Week 2-Day 5: UN Climate Change Conference
December 17th, 2007

Nigel Sizer’s 9th post from the UN Climate Change Conference in Bali, which kicked off Monday, December 3rd.

(Note: Today was supposed to be last day of the conference, but negotiations stalled and carried over into Saturday)

The Forests COP?

Negotiators agreed today to include reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation of forests in the formal intergovernmental climate change process. This will generate major new funds (from carbon markets and from expanding development assistance) for forest conservation in developing countries. The tricky part is figuring out how to spend the money well. This is also a concrete commitment from developing countries to contribute to global efforts to combat climate change. For some, this is the most significant outcome of the Bali COP.

Well, as I write I am sitting in the plenary hall, which has just emptied out. It’s nearly 9pm. Despite earlier deadlock, rumors are the major powers are coming to an agreement on language to take this process forward. But there’s no telling how much longer they need to (literally) cross the “t”s and dot the “i”s on the official text…time to head home to be with my family. Meanwhile, we just heard that the UN Secretary General is flying here from East Timor to help rescue the negotiations.

Exhausted delegates in the plenary hall, two weeks of talk takes its toll

As I have a few minutes almost to myself in this huge room I just noticed that some of the countries have white instead of black name flags. I think these are the ones that have not ratified the Kyoto Protocol. From where I am sitting, these are the United States, Serbia, Central African Republic, Afghanistan, Chad, Zimbabwe, and the Holy Sea. What great company our country keeps!

The United States has a white name flag, one of very few in the plenary hall.

The media are camped outside the room where the small group of ministers is haggling. When I walked past I didn’t quite realize why they were all there and asked one of the journalists who they were waiting for. She replied, “Paris Hilton!” Alas it was a joke. Instead they were stalking the somewhat less attractive chief US climate negotiator, Harlan Watson, waiting for him to have to pee, so they could get a quick update. He appeared and was mobbed, but he seemed to be enjoying every second of it. I guess it’s not everyday that Mr. Watson gets the Paris Hilton treatment.

US chief climate negotiator, Harlan Watson (in the blue tie) trying to get to the bathroom, mobbed by the media pack

Posted in General by Nigel Sizer | No Comments »

Week 2- Day 4: UN Climate Change Conference
December 14th, 2007

Nigel Sizer’s 8th post from the UN Climate Change Conference in Bali, which kicked of Monday, December 3rd.

Rare’s Arlington neighbor, AES Corporation is here in force. Today their CEO announced plans to invest $600 million in energy plants in Indonesia and Thailand that will run on agricultural waste. The first will be built in Bali. Rice husk and straw waste are traditionally burned in the fields here, producing thick haze for a couple of months each year. AES has long been a leader on climate change, offsetting a power plant’s emissions for the first time 20 years ago.

Governor Maggi, of Matto Grosso state in the Brazilian Amazon, Professor Dan Nepstad of Woods Hole Research Center, and the leader of the Amazon’s rubbertappers agreeing on proposals for reducing deforestation.

Dan Nepstad, of Woods Hole Research Center, presented new estimates of the costs of reducing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. By 2030 he estimates 55 percent of the Amazon would be cleared, logged or otherwise damaged if there are not major changes in policy and financing. In a brilliant exercise in modeling and projection, Nepstad and his collaborators have mapped out, across the entire Brazilian Amazon, the opportunity costs of keeping forest standing. He has shown that about 90 percent of the carbon needs to have a price of less than $5 per tonne, and 94 percent is less than $10 per tonne to outbid more destructive activities. Even building in generous payments to forest peoples and local communities that have already been conserving forests, improving local healthcare and other support, over the next 30 years it would cost only $41 billion to bring deforestation down in the Brazilian Amazon down to zero. This works out to be only $1.2 per tonne of avoided emissions of carbon dioxide – a very good deal as Lord Stern said the day before.

So American corporations and scientists are making huge contributions to progress on climate change, as are over 700 US cities, California, New York and countless other local initiatives.

And former US Vice President, Al Gore, has arguably made the greatest contribution to moving action on climate change forward. The highlight of the past two weeks was attending his hour-long exhortation to delegates last night to move forward despite the enormous obstacle posed by the White House. “My own country, the United States, is principally responsible for impeding progress here in Bali,” he stressed, to thunderous applause. He then asked all those who had applauded that statement to harness their anger and frustration at the United States and channel it into moving forward, leaving a large space for the next US administration to fill following the elections next year.

Al Gore exhorting action and leadership from delegates in Bali.

“We are seeing the early stages of a global people power movement for the first time,” exhorted Gore to a thrilled and packed auditorium. He ended on a direct and inspiring note, appealing to us, telling us that we should devote all our efforts to moving action forward since, “This relatively small group of people here in Bali can control the destiny of all humankind.”

As you’ve seen in the media, negotiations are not going well. But this shouldn’t be a surprise, governments have rarely been ahead of concerned citizens on environmental issues. Check out Gore’s website to see the dozens of things you can do now to reduce emissions, none of us need to wait for governments to come to consensus here in Bali, it is up to each person, first and foremost Americans, to lead by doing: http://www.climateprotect.org/

Posted in General by Nigel Sizer | No Comments »

Week 2-Day 3: UN Climate Change Conference
December 13th, 2007

Nigel Sizer’s 7th post from the UN Climate Change Conference in Bali, which kicked of Monday, December 3rd.

Ministers step up

UNEP’s head, Achim Steiner, was characteristically eloquent today. “There is the Bali of the brackets and the Bali of action,” he noted, referring to the challenges of reaching formal agreement and the brackets inserted around text that has not yet been adopted, in contrast with the actions that many are simply stepping forward and announcing. The German Minister of Environment also noted that among many countries the discourse has shifted from waiting for the others to act first to, “this is my contribution now what’s yours?”

Costa Rica, New Zealand and Norway announced this morning their plan to go climate neutral. In other words they will have no net greenhouse gas emissions. The 5 percent reduction targets of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, which yesterday celebrated its 10th birthday, start to look insignificant.

UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner, with Celso Amorim, Foreign Minister of Brazil, and Marina Silva, Brazil’s Minister of Environment, discussing Brazil’s leadership on addressing tropical deforestation.

Brazil’s Minister of Environment, Marina Silva, and Foreign Minister, Celso Amorim, launched the Fund for Protection and Conservation of the Brazilian Amazon. Policy reforms in Brazil have lead to a 60 percent fall in deforestation in the Amazon since 2003. But forest loss continues apace and further reductions are harder without significant cash. Brazil has set up a forest monitoring and carbon accounting system, with very conservative assumption, which sells carbon from reduced deforestation, but only after a further fall in deforestation is seen. Gert Leipold, Executive Director of Greenpeace International, took the floor and praised Brazil.

Meanwhile the plenary session saw the UN Secretary general, Indonesia’s President, several other heads of state, and over 100 ministers each making brief speeches. A few quotes:

“Climate change is upon us, it is time to act…global temperature increase should not exceed two degrees, and this is still within reach” Portugal on behalf of the European Union.

“We cannot willingly accept even a two degree rise in termperatures….no island should be left behind.” Grenada on behalf of the small island states.

“All of us should take bigger and bolder steps to reduce emissions. Brazil is ready to reduce its emissions in a way that is measurable and verifiable and we encourage other developing countries to do the same.” Celso Amorim.

“In my first act as Prime Minister I signed the Kyoto Protocol…climate change is an emerging reality…in Australia our inland rivers are dying, bush fires are becoming more frequent…climate change is the defining challenge of our generation…committed to 60 percent reductions by 2050, with short and medium term targets to be announced soon…there is no plan B, no other planet to escape to.” Kevin Rudd, Australia.

Sigmar Gabriel, Minister of Environment, Germany with Steve Howard, CEO, The Climate Group and Lord Nicolas Stern, reviewing options for major reductions in emissions.

In the evening global climate celebrity and master economist, Lord Nicolas Stern (he was elevated to the House of Lords just last month), leader of the seminal review on the economics of climate change, joined a panel with the German Environment Minister. Lord Stern is very impressive and I have to share his thoughts. He said, “Look, solving this problem is actually quite simple,” and went on to highlight five steps:

1.TARGETS. We need a global target of a 50 percent reduction by 2050, with the rich world reducing emissions by 80 percent, getting us down to about 2-3 tonnes of carbon dioxide per person per year worldwide.

2.TRADING. Large scale investment in the south is needed via carbon markets under a reformed CDM, if this shows significant benefits to the south then by about 2015 would be reasonable to expect them to start taking on targets as well. Before then would be unfair.

3.FORESTS. $10-15 billion per year would cut deforestation in half, and this would be a very good deal, starting with funding efforts to build and reform the key institutions in each country.

4.TECHNOLOGY. We will see major breakthroughs, and funding should be invested in this area.

5.FOREIGN ASSISTANCE. If rich countries lived up to the commitment they have already made to provide 0.7 percent of GDP for foreign assistance this would generate the increases needed to support adaptation and other efforts.

Easy!

Posted in General by Nigel Sizer | No Comments »

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